Mechanical Farming

The need for mechanical farming or farm mechanization came to be felt in the 20^th century .Previously,agricultural activities were mostly performed manually or with the help of cattle.As the years passed by ,the population increased tremendously and there was the corresponding rise in the demand for food.For an agricultural country like Pakistan or Australia,the export of grain and agricultural produce was necessary for earning for an exchange.The green revolution of modern the modern age,broad in by modern machinery,improve seeds and fertilizers ,and scientific water distribution caused agriculture to grow by leaps and bounds.The advanced countries like the US,Canada and France reaped full benefits of this revolution in agricultural because ,side by side,their industrial progress was taking them to new heights.

In our country,unlikely the ,the use of tractors,tube-well engines and other earth moving,seeds sowing and water machines caused a number of serious problems.First of all, with surplus and unemployed abour force in the villages,the use of machinery made so many more villagers idle.One tractor,for example,meant work done by fifty or more farmers or laborers.One thresher that separated grain from the plantsmeant work done by a hundred or more farmers or laborers.When so many laborers get idle,they generally move to the towns and cities in search of work.The cities cannot absorb all this surplus labor.

Greater and successful farming is possible in the true sense when there is industry producing farm machinery like tractors and harvesters on a massive scale and at cheap rates.When the components or parts of these machines are imported from abroad,the very purpose of mechanical farming is defeated.Our factories do not "produce" farm equipment,they only "assemble" it as they assemble cars.

Farm mechanization is truly beneficial when it makes possible multiple cropping or raising of more than one crop in a season.With the availability of mechanical sowing,reaping and watering instruments and fertilizers,it is possible to have two or more crops of certain vegetables and grains.Then mechanical farming makes possible crops rotation,that is, the use of fields one after another for certain crops.This keeps the fertility of the soil high and result sin greater productivity.

Mechanical farming,it introduced on a large scale, will reduce our dependence on animals for cultivation.The attention that we now give to animals on farms will be shifted to rearing animals and poultry for food.This will help us to have more milk and meat for the population and for export.

In this age of competition,we cannot resist the demand for wholesale mechanized farming.If we do not mechanize most or all of our farms,we shall be left far behind countries like Australia and New Zealand.

Religious Extremism

Religious extremism means the holding of extreme religious views by the followers of a particular religion sect against other religions or sects.In this sense,religious extremism means deep love for one's own religion or sect or class and dislike or hatred of others.

The reasons for the existence of religious intolerance are quite a few.Firstly,ignorance and lack of knowledge and of modern education lead many a youth and young woman to the blind alleys (narrow streets with one end closed) of backwardness and inaction.The minds of these young people are almost closed to modern ideas and developments.When nothing new enters the mind,the germs of old ideas grow out of size into disease germs.These diseased ideas,heavy and negatively powerful,come into immediate conflict with scientific thought and reason.

So was TV viewing and the keeping of pictures banned in Afghanistan earlier.It was restored afterwards.Nowadays teaching and training have become direct and convenient with pictures,diagrams and drawings.It will not be possible to progress with the Western or advanced nations if we agree with religious extremists and outlaw or ban the preparation and use of pictures and drawings,say in the sciences,arts and architecture.

Secondly,religious extremism grows or develops in an atmosphere of hatred,distrust and enmity.One religious class or sect hates another simply because there is a difference of beliefs or ideas between them.One religious group distrusts another because they distrust or doubt each other's intentions.Prolonged hatred and distrust result in deep-rooted enmity.Sadly and regrettably, some Sunni and Shia extremists developed intense hatred against each other and started killing and destroying property.There have been many killing in our "imambarahs" and mosques.The Muharram disturbances are the result of this hatred.The use of force against Christians in their churches and educational institutions was sometimes visible in different forms.

Thirdly,perhaps the worst form of religious extremism is reflected in terrorist acts across the country.Religious extremists easily organize themselves into armed groups and bands and provide military training for terrorist acts and guerrilla warfare.Even if this activity is for pure "jehad" or holy war, it needs approval of the government.If it is for the purpose of killing the followers of other religions or for destroying their property,it is intolerable.Further,there can be national religious extremism that can cause religious wars between one nation or country and another.