The verb & adverb

A verb says something about a person or thing.It shows action and describes condition.

Perfect the country to glorify your present or past.
Imagine,then,what you will be when others greet you in love and fear!

The adverb

An adverb describes a verb,an adjective,another adverb or a sentence and answers questions as,where?when?how?

We went nowhere.She arrived yesterday.He walks fast.

Adjectives brave clever correct interesting intense playful quick selfish

Adverbs bravely cleverly correctly interestingly intensely playfully quickly selfishly

Kinds of the adverb & their functions

An adverb answers the questions how,when,how often,where,under what conditions or in what manner.

1.ADVERBS OF MANNER

These answer the question how.

clearly,honestly,obediently,punctually,strictly

How do they sing?They sing beautifully.

2.ADVERBS OF DEGREE OR QUANTITY

These answer how much.

too,very,quite,almost,fully,enough,altogether

They are much happy.She walks too slowly.

3.ADVERBS OF TIME

These answer when

late,ago,before,yesterday,today,already,early

Your son will return soon.They attended classes yesterday.

4.ADVERBS OF PLACE

These answer where.

here,there,everywhere,in,out,beneath,below,underneath,up

She is here.They searched for the lost key everywhere.

5.ADVERBS OF CAUSE OR REASON

These answer why.

consequently,resultantly

So(therefore) they lost the match.[So and therefore modify lost,the verb]They are hence absent

6.ADVERBS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE

These answer "true or wrong"

admittedly,acceptably,unacceptably.

Did you report against Mr.X?No,I did not report against him.

7.ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

These answer how often.

sometimes,repeatedly,regularly,occasionally,frequently,seldom

She repeatedly ask sme to help her.I am often in her class(often modifying am,the verb.

The place of science in the modern world

Scientists have made used of science for the benefit of man and society.They have used scientific principles,laws and facts to invent and develop machines of different kinds.For example,the motor-car,airplane and railway engine,printing machines,machines used in factories producing things of daily use like match-boxes,cloth,paper,shoes,and so on have been invented by scientists.The radio,television,the CD and DVD player,the telephone and the computer are among the many modern electronic inventions that have made our life modern.

Scientists and doctors have invented and developed medicines that can cure speedily dangerous diseases like typhoid,cholera and tuberculosis.Even animals and birds get the finest medical treatment in modern hospitals.

The technological advances of modern science have revolutionized our life patterns.The electronics industry,started in the early 20^th century,has reached unimaginable heights of development.Electronics,besides (in addition to) developing the computer,has caused the perfection of new communications devices that include the radio,television and laser.

Science,however,has also been pt to highly destructive uses.The atom bomb and other nuclear bombs,the different kinds of automatic weapons,bomber planes and warships are some examples of its destructive uses.Now several countries,including our own,possess nuclear weapons.The world powers possess weapons that can wipe out(destroy completely)the entire world in a short time.

If all countries decide to live in peace and accept the authority of the UN,science can be used for peaceful purposes alone.All weapons of mass destruction should then be destroyed.The production of atomic and other dangerous weapons should be banned altogether.Then only can the world enjoy the sweet fruits of science at ease.

The true role of scientist

The scientist is a member of society like other people.He has his feelings,desires and ideas like them.However,in his scientific work he is much more objective(fair) and accurate than others.He reaches scientific results on the basis of careful observation of facts.He verifies his results through experimentation.He makes use of mathematics and instruments of observation,measurement and calculation.

The true scientist engages in research and experimentation to discover new facts of science.He tries to make use of his knowledge for greater scientific progress.He goes on increasing his scientific knowledge.

The scientist should always work for real or positive scientific progress.It means that he should research and experiment for the good of others or society.He should try to develop theories and instruments that may in the end brings benefits to human beings.He should help in the making of useful and productive articles.Thus,he would be working positively if he invents machines which make the digging of wells and canals faster and easier.He would be unforgettable if he invents planes and ships absolutely safe for travel.

The scientist's work should be destructive as far as possible.Thus,he should not try to invent or make new weapons of war.He should not try to make harmful drugs or intoxicants.He should not make use of knowledge to the harm of others.In fact,scientists in different countries should come to an agreement not to put science to destructive use.Government should not force them to make destructive weapons.If different countries enter into no-war pacts or agreements on the basics of equality and justice,scientists will find it easy to work to the benefits of all.

But very often scientists have to work for destructive purposes in national interest.When a country expects to fight a war with one or more countries,its scientists have to make its defenses strong.They have to invent or make destructive weapons for it.If the enemy's scientists are busy preparing deadly weapons,they too have to do this.

Scientists should have their high moral principles.They should not make harmful inventions as far as possible.They should not work for the sake of money or reward or fame alone.

World has made great scientific progress.Most of our modern comforts and facilities have been made possible by scientists.Let world scientists work together for further progress.The United Nations can make better efforts to bring different countries and scientists together to work for peace and progress.

Some modern scientific inventions

Science has made tremendous progress during the last two hundred years.Scientists have invented and developed new machines,medicines,weapons,etc.which have made our life really modern.

A great invention of the 18^th century was the steam-engine.First of all,it was used to keep water out of coal mines.Later,it was used to drive vehicles and railways trains.It was also used in steamships on the sea.

Another great invention of the 18^th century is that of electric telegraph.It made possible the use of the telephone on a large scale.The telegraph system made it possible for people in different cities and countries to talk to each other.Newspapers found it easy to get news from far-off places over the telephone for quick publication.

The radio is one of the greatest inventions of the modern age.It is the result of a successful use of electrical energy,In it wireless waves carry sound and speech from the broadcasting station to radio-sets.It has made possible for the people of one place to listen to radio stations of the entire world.It has helped different countries and peoples in coming closer.

Television is now in common use.In it pictures along with sound are sent from one place to another through wireless or radio waves.It is a good means(way) of entertainment and education.Now color television is very much in use.

The electronic computer can do complex mathematical calculations in a fraction of a second.It can also gather and store information.It guides us in the designing and construction of buildings,flying of planes,space travel,etc.It helps us in the diagnosis(discovering the nature of) and treatment of diseases.

The tractor has brought about a complete change in the old methods of ploghing and cultivation the land.Vast areas of land can be ploughed with it in a short time.It has made mechanized farming possible.The mechanization of agriculture can however,cause large-scale unemployment if the farmhands made idle by machines are not employed in cottage(small sized)industries.

There are a great many useful inventions in the field of medicine.Now medicines like streptomycin can cure a number of diseases very quickly."Quinine" is a chemical compound that is a sure for many kinds of fevers.Scientists and chemists have invented effective medicines for the cure of dangerous diseases like typhoid.

There are also many dangerous and harmful inventions.These include (have in them
)harmful drugs and injections and weapons of war.Thus science has been used negatively.

Scientists should try to make useful inventions for the benefit of human beings.They should use their scientific knowledge for making inventions that can add to comforts and joys.

The use of the atom

The atom is the smallest particle of matter.It is made up of still smaller particles called electrons(negatively charged),protons(positively charged) and neutrons(with no charge).The main part of the atom lies at its center and is called the nucleus.It consists of protons and neutrons.When the nucleus is broken up,energy is produced.This breaking up of a heavy nucleus into parts with the release of energy is called nuclear fission.Atomic energy means the tremendous(very great) energy released from the atomic nucleus.

Radioactive elements like uranium,having a large number of protons and giving out radiations,are commonly used for producing nuclear energy.The nuclei of these elements are bombarded with high-speed particles resulting in atomic fission.Thus,a small amount of radioactive substance is converted(changed) into a tremendous amount of nuclear energy.

Scientists,first of all,made use of atomic energy for destructive purposes.They developed the atomic bomb,and then the hydrogen and cobalt bombs,which can destroy whole cities and kill millions of people.There is the danger that all our modern civilization and most human beings may get destroyed if there is an atomic or nuclear World War.

Atomic or nuclear energy can be of great benefit if it is used for peaceful purposes alone.Scientists have started using it for the good of society.The advanced countries already produce a great deal of their electricity from the atom.Now other countries are trying to produce electricity at cheap rates from atomic power plants.We have such a plant in Karachi,and may have more at other places.Small amounts of radioactive materials are used in these plants to produce electricity on a very large scale.

Scientists are also trying to find ways of using atomic power as fuel for ships,aeroplanes,motorcars, and so on.They think most of the oil and coal may finish in 100 years.In their place,uranium and thorium can be used.At present atomic reactors for boiling water are in use in various countries.Huge quantities of water can be boiled quickly and at low costs for industrial and other purposes.

The radiations given out by atomic reactors are sometimes used for the treatment of diseases like cancer.These radiations are also used to kill dangerous germs and insects in foods and cultivated fields.

All countries should enter into agreements for the use of nuclear power for peaceful purposes alone.

We should make the best use of atomic energy for the benefit of all human beings.

Nuclear war

Radio-active-(of such metals as radium or uranium) having atoms that break up, and in so doing,sent out rays in the form of electrically charged particles capable of penetrating(going deep into) opaque(not allowing light to pass through)bodies and of producing electrical effects.

Radio-active dust-(for example,as carried by winds) from explosion of nuclear bombs,etc.

Fission-splitting or division(for example,of one cell into new cells,of the nucleus or central parts of certain atoms,for example,uranium when an atom bomb is exploded.)

The twenthieth century has witnessed the development and use of atomic or nuclear energy for destructive and powerful purposes on a vast scale.Now,when we afraid of atomic wars which can cause unthinkable destruction,we feel the satisfaction of enjoying comforts given by cheap electricity by nuclear reactors and ships run on atomic energy,and many more besides.

When the nucleus(central part) of the atom is broken up,tremendous energy is produced.Radioactive elements like uranium have a large number of protons, and they give out radiations(energy in rays,energy or heat waves). These elements are used for producing nuclear energy.The nuclei of these elements are bombarded with high-speed particles,and this results in nuclear fission(splitting or division). This conversion of a small amount of radioactive substance into a very great amount of nuclear energy is the basis of the explosion of an atomic bomb.

The horrors of the hydrogen bomb explosion are even more frightening.It is a thermonuclear bomb,"thermo" meaning "of heat". At its center is no doubt an atomic bomb,which is exploded at the start.This explosion activates the surrounding hydrogen radioactive atoms.An extremely hot zone is created in which nearly all of the matter present burns or changes into vapor or gas at extremely high pressure.The shock waves,then, traveling from the bomb cause destruction in the air,under water,or underground.

In addition to the atomic or nuclear radiations given out by the hydrogen bomb,its burning and melting effects are simply indescribable.Further developments of the hydrogen bomb lead us to the neutron and cobalt bombs based on the same radioactive principles.

No country can win a large-scale nuclear war with another nuclear power as both will get destroyed in the process.Besides,the countries affected by the radioactive fallout,even not participating(taking part) in the war will suffer unnecessary destruction.

Surely,it is in the interest of all humanity to end all nuclear preparations.We should destroy the stockpiles of nuclear weapons everywhere through mutual agreement(consent).

The internet and its uses

The Internet is a network(group of computers that can communicate with each other)connecting millions of other computer networks in the world.It is made up of networks of official and educational institutions,commercial and social organizations and governments and private agencies.The linking of computers is called "networking". The Internet,now,is "collection of individual networks connected by telephone lines."The user of a computer network can gain information from or exchange messages with any other network anywhere at all times.The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of millions of changing documents on computers all over the world.The different websites that run into millions offer information in the sciences,arts,religions,education,commerce,industry,agriculture,governments,law and almost every topic or subject under the sun.The use of the Internet,thus,promotes the communication of all sorts of information and knowledge in different societies and countries.

Further,e-mail or electronic mail is a system that enables people send and receive messages and data through networks and the Internet.It is a great facility,but the users also misuse it by providing wrong information in social and commercial contacts.The electronic mail messages can be misleading.

The Internet has provided the service of chatting to users online.Wonderfully,any number of talks can see each other on the screen as they talk.This has made conferences and meetings on computers possible between groups of businesspeople,military commanders,politicians and leaders,educators,engineers,scientists,and so on.Here,too,people often provide wrong information and misguide others.

Perhaps the best use of the Internet is being made in education for the extension of learning and knowledge.Experts and scholars in different countries and continents exchange information on the sciences and arts,technical and technological matters and all other subjects of their interest.The information available on the Internet can be downloaded to computers.

The Internet has surely brought countries and nations closer.Like the radio,TV and telephone it has functioned to help in the development of the world into a global village.However,it has been put to harmful uses as well.Firstly,the Internet has been used rather too much for commercial advertising.At times,misleading information by producers is provided in their efforts to promote the sale of their goods.Orders for these goods are placed with their makers and ready payments are made through credit cards.Later,the buyers come to know about the poor quality of the goods.Secondly,information,pictures and material harmful to character is displayed on the Internet.This has had bad effects on young minds.Thirdly,the chatting system on the Internet brings harmful people in contact with honest users.The honest,thus,are sometimes misled and cheated.Newspapers have reported wrong marriages between Internet users a result of chatting between them.

A marvellous invention -computer

A computer is an electronic device that solves problems by processing data according to instructions.

The electronic computer is rightly called wonder of the machine age.It can add,subtract,multiply and divide "with lightening speed and perfect accuracy".It can multiple several ten-digit numbers in 1/1000 second working 500000 times faster than a human being.

We give a program to a computer to work for us in any field-business,industry,construction,banking,medicine,teaching, and so on.

In business and industry,the computer prepares and keeps lists of goods,correspondence records and sales and profit and loss accounts.It can inform us of the production needs and the best production processes for a certain factory.It can compare several industrial processes of production and let us decide about the best ones.

A computer can solve all kinds of engineering problems of building,those of designing various building structures,finding the most accurate and effective material mixtures and safety measures for earthquake proof and sound-proof rooms.

In space or sea exploration,the computer is extremely useful.It collects information from outer space regarding distances,various heavenly bodies in movement,rays and beams in their effects,the earth's position and possibilities of man's travel into space.In the same way,information from the depths of the ocean is conveyed by sensitive computers regarding availability of oil,minerals,precious stones,sea and vegetable life, and rocks and sea beds.The operation of the railways and fast moving vehicles on the roads is controlled for safe and accurate travel through computers easily.

Computers have made possible the smooth working of the telecommunications systems,that is,the process of receiving or sending messages by telephone,radio,television,telegraph, or satellites.Millions of telephone lines over the country remain in operation through computerized telephone exchanges.Radio or wireless,TV or satellite communication is now extremely fast and complex.

In medicine,computers are being widely used to diagnose or determine diseases,to prescribe medicines and to perform various tests like blood and heart analysis.They help maintain records of patients to be made available at a moment's notice.

In education,computers started to be used in the 1960s.Instructional computers are used in two ways-to provide direct presentation of data or to act as a teacher to test the understanding and knowledge of the student.The computer can very systematically present in different ways, and with a wide variety of examples,the developments in a field of knowledge.

Computer typing is fast,accurate and beautiful,in several patterns and shapes.In it,moving rays of light from a laser lens are used.

In computer music,the composer programs the computer to produce different rhythms,tunes and tones from some sounds stored in it.These sounds are stored on magnetic tape and can be played back.The computer helps in expanding the range of tones and tunes.

With all this computer progress,we can say that computers cannot replace us.Our brain has more than 10 billion cells whereas a computer has only a hundred thousand parts.While we can think and imagine independently,a computer cannot.

The world of machines

Ours is rightly called the machine age as we are living in the world of machines.Everywhere and all the time we depend on machines.Most of the things of daily use like pencils,knives,watches,fans,shoes and cloth are the products of machines.We construct our houses,enjoy comfortable life at home and move around at ease with the help of machines.Machines are the result of man's effort to "produce more work with less energy".

Industrial progress depends on the use of new and more efficient machines that can produce more and better goods.The ruling industrial powers,that is,Japan,Italy,France,England,Russia,the US and the rest have made of use of modern technology to computerize(use computers in)the designing and production of machines in great demand like cars,TVs,refrigerators and various other electric instruments and devices,Our success as an industrial power will depend a great deal on the use of the latest electronic,laser and other technologies.The whole defense industry producing war planes,submarines and light and heavy arms needs an intelligent use of the latest technologies.

The mechanization of agriculture is essential to a big increase in the production of food grains.We have begun using,on a vast scale,the tractor,mower,thresher,tube-well engines and some other heavy machines.No doubt,the use of machinery on farms makes farm labor surplus.This surplus labor can,however,be utilized in small-scale cottage industries in the villages.

The engines used in our cars,buses,railway engines.airplanes and ships change energy into power.We are developing more efficient engines now help us to move at hundreds of kilometers per hour on the ground and to fly at supersonic speeds.Machines for our vehicles using nuclear energy in place of oil or gas might bring about a revolution in transportation.

Different kinds of machines have made our life at home highly comfortable.There are are the gas and electric stove,the cooking-range,the juicer,the electric iron,the cooler and air-conditioner,the radio,TV,VCR(videocassette recorder),CD player,DVD player (digital video disc),and so on that have made life really enjoyable.

We have developed machines like the robot that "move and do some of the work of a man". The robot is set to fix parts of machines under production,to operate and control production processes,to do odd jobs like cleaning the floors,etc.The computer can be programed to plan and design buildings and cars,to calculate construction and operation costs,to further design better computers,and so on.However,with all the work performed by machines ,they cannot entirely replace man.