The conjunction

A conjunction is a joining word -it joins words or phrases or clauses(sentences) together.

• Sabrina nad Zarina and Zeba went for a walk.
  Awake,arise or forever be fallen.
  All may oppose me,yet I will fight.
  Our oldest friend is present as well as others.The questions were difficult as well as long.
  We were not punished, but also fined.
  She is silent while you are talking.Either sleep or walk.
• All the words above in italics are conjunctions(for example,and,yet,as well as,etc.)

Kinds of conjunctions

1. Co-ordinating conjunctions
(a)These connect two or more nouns.pronouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs or prepositions.They are: and,but,for,nor,yet. (b)These connect two or more independent clauses or sentence parts.
• Rashid and Arshad are friends now,but they were not last year.
• and connects the two nouns or subjects,Rashid,Arshad.But connects the first clause with the second clause "they were not last year."
• They travel to Gujranwala, and then to Gujrat.
• The two prepositional phrases to Gujranwala,to Gujrat,are connected by the co-ordinating conjunction "and."
2. Correlative conjunctions
These functions as a set.They are like co-ordinating conjunctions as they connect words in the same situation in a sentence.They are: (i) either... or, (ii) neither... nor (iii) both... and, (iv) whether... or, (v) not only..., but(also).
• They would like to stay either with Shahid or with Hameed.
• either connects Shahid and Hameed.
• Rabia not only helps me with my homework, but(also) plays tennis with me.
• not only,but(also) connects to the two clauses.
3. Subordinating conjunctions
They connect subordinate clauses to independent clauses.(Subordinate clauses cannot stand by themselves,but independent clauses can function independently.)
• The teacher taught well because he knew the subject.
• because connects the subordinate clause "he knew the subject" with the independent clause "The teacher taught well."
• Our teacher is in control of the national situation though he gets other parties' help.
• though joins the independent or main clause "Our leader is in control of the national situation" with the subordinate clause "though he gets other parties' help.""Though" is the subordinating conjunction.

The following is a list of some commonly used subordinating conjunctions:

time after,while as long as as soon as before,since until,when whenever,as

place where, wherever

manner as,as if,as though

cause because,in that

condition although,if as long as even if,while even though provided that though,unless

comparison as,than

purpose in order that, so that,that

These can work as conjunctions or prepositions.A subordinating conjunction goes together with a word group having a verb.A preposition works with a word group without a verb.

• Subordinating conjunction.We watch TV after the sun sets.
  Preposition.We watch TV after sunset.

1.Uses of "some" and "any"
Some is used in affirmative sentences and any in negative and interrogative thus:

• She has some books.I don't have any(books).
  Do you have any sugar?No I haven't any.
  I didn't see any there.We should go somewhere now.
• When we use "some,""somewhere," etc. in questions,the answer is expected to be in the affirmative.(That is,we use "some""someone," etc. in questions when the answer may not be given,but may be understood to be affirmative.)
• Have you some good books to read? [Yes,I have some.]
  Are you going somewhere? [Yes,I am.]