The place of science in the modern world

Scientists have made used of science for the benefit of man and society.They have used scientific principles,laws and facts to invent and develop machines of different kinds.For example,the motor-car,airplane and railway engine,printing machines,machines used in factories producing things of daily use like match-boxes,cloth,paper,shoes,and so on have been invented by scientists.The radio,television,the CD and DVD player,the telephone and the computer are among the many modern electronic inventions that have made our life modern.

Scientists and doctors have invented and developed medicines that can cure speedily dangerous diseases like typhoid,cholera and tuberculosis.Even animals and birds get the finest medical treatment in modern hospitals.

The technological advances of modern science have revolutionized our life patterns.The electronics industry,started in the early 20^th century,has reached unimaginable heights of development.Electronics,besides (in addition to) developing the computer,has caused the perfection of new communications devices that include the radio,television and laser.

Science,however,has also been pt to highly destructive uses.The atom bomb and other nuclear bombs,the different kinds of automatic weapons,bomber planes and warships are some examples of its destructive uses.Now several countries,including our own,possess nuclear weapons.The world powers possess weapons that can wipe out(destroy completely)the entire world in a short time.

If all countries decide to live in peace and accept the authority of the UN,science can be used for peaceful purposes alone.All weapons of mass destruction should then be destroyed.The production of atomic and other dangerous weapons should be banned altogether.Then only can the world enjoy the sweet fruits of science at ease.

The true role of scientist

The scientist is a member of society like other people.He has his feelings,desires and ideas like them.However,in his scientific work he is much more objective(fair) and accurate than others.He reaches scientific results on the basis of careful observation of facts.He verifies his results through experimentation.He makes use of mathematics and instruments of observation,measurement and calculation.

The true scientist engages in research and experimentation to discover new facts of science.He tries to make use of his knowledge for greater scientific progress.He goes on increasing his scientific knowledge.

The scientist should always work for real or positive scientific progress.It means that he should research and experiment for the good of others or society.He should try to develop theories and instruments that may in the end brings benefits to human beings.He should help in the making of useful and productive articles.Thus,he would be working positively if he invents machines which make the digging of wells and canals faster and easier.He would be unforgettable if he invents planes and ships absolutely safe for travel.

The scientist's work should be destructive as far as possible.Thus,he should not try to invent or make new weapons of war.He should not try to make harmful drugs or intoxicants.He should not make use of knowledge to the harm of others.In fact,scientists in different countries should come to an agreement not to put science to destructive use.Government should not force them to make destructive weapons.If different countries enter into no-war pacts or agreements on the basics of equality and justice,scientists will find it easy to work to the benefits of all.

But very often scientists have to work for destructive purposes in national interest.When a country expects to fight a war with one or more countries,its scientists have to make its defenses strong.They have to invent or make destructive weapons for it.If the enemy's scientists are busy preparing deadly weapons,they too have to do this.

Scientists should have their high moral principles.They should not make harmful inventions as far as possible.They should not work for the sake of money or reward or fame alone.

World has made great scientific progress.Most of our modern comforts and facilities have been made possible by scientists.Let world scientists work together for further progress.The United Nations can make better efforts to bring different countries and scientists together to work for peace and progress.

Some modern scientific inventions

Science has made tremendous progress during the last two hundred years.Scientists have invented and developed new machines,medicines,weapons,etc.which have made our life really modern.

A great invention of the 18^th century was the steam-engine.First of all,it was used to keep water out of coal mines.Later,it was used to drive vehicles and railways trains.It was also used in steamships on the sea.

Another great invention of the 18^th century is that of electric telegraph.It made possible the use of the telephone on a large scale.The telegraph system made it possible for people in different cities and countries to talk to each other.Newspapers found it easy to get news from far-off places over the telephone for quick publication.

The radio is one of the greatest inventions of the modern age.It is the result of a successful use of electrical energy,In it wireless waves carry sound and speech from the broadcasting station to radio-sets.It has made possible for the people of one place to listen to radio stations of the entire world.It has helped different countries and peoples in coming closer.

Television is now in common use.In it pictures along with sound are sent from one place to another through wireless or radio waves.It is a good means(way) of entertainment and education.Now color television is very much in use.

The electronic computer can do complex mathematical calculations in a fraction of a second.It can also gather and store information.It guides us in the designing and construction of buildings,flying of planes,space travel,etc.It helps us in the diagnosis(discovering the nature of) and treatment of diseases.

The tractor has brought about a complete change in the old methods of ploghing and cultivation the land.Vast areas of land can be ploughed with it in a short time.It has made mechanized farming possible.The mechanization of agriculture can however,cause large-scale unemployment if the farmhands made idle by machines are not employed in cottage(small sized)industries.

There are a great many useful inventions in the field of medicine.Now medicines like streptomycin can cure a number of diseases very quickly."Quinine" is a chemical compound that is a sure for many kinds of fevers.Scientists and chemists have invented effective medicines for the cure of dangerous diseases like typhoid.

There are also many dangerous and harmful inventions.These include (have in them
)harmful drugs and injections and weapons of war.Thus science has been used negatively.

Scientists should try to make useful inventions for the benefit of human beings.They should use their scientific knowledge for making inventions that can add to comforts and joys.

The use of the atom

The atom is the smallest particle of matter.It is made up of still smaller particles called electrons(negatively charged),protons(positively charged) and neutrons(with no charge).The main part of the atom lies at its center and is called the nucleus.It consists of protons and neutrons.When the nucleus is broken up,energy is produced.This breaking up of a heavy nucleus into parts with the release of energy is called nuclear fission.Atomic energy means the tremendous(very great) energy released from the atomic nucleus.

Radioactive elements like uranium,having a large number of protons and giving out radiations,are commonly used for producing nuclear energy.The nuclei of these elements are bombarded with high-speed particles resulting in atomic fission.Thus,a small amount of radioactive substance is converted(changed) into a tremendous amount of nuclear energy.

Scientists,first of all,made use of atomic energy for destructive purposes.They developed the atomic bomb,and then the hydrogen and cobalt bombs,which can destroy whole cities and kill millions of people.There is the danger that all our modern civilization and most human beings may get destroyed if there is an atomic or nuclear World War.

Atomic or nuclear energy can be of great benefit if it is used for peaceful purposes alone.Scientists have started using it for the good of society.The advanced countries already produce a great deal of their electricity from the atom.Now other countries are trying to produce electricity at cheap rates from atomic power plants.We have such a plant in Karachi,and may have more at other places.Small amounts of radioactive materials are used in these plants to produce electricity on a very large scale.

Scientists are also trying to find ways of using atomic power as fuel for ships,aeroplanes,motorcars, and so on.They think most of the oil and coal may finish in 100 years.In their place,uranium and thorium can be used.At present atomic reactors for boiling water are in use in various countries.Huge quantities of water can be boiled quickly and at low costs for industrial and other purposes.

The radiations given out by atomic reactors are sometimes used for the treatment of diseases like cancer.These radiations are also used to kill dangerous germs and insects in foods and cultivated fields.

All countries should enter into agreements for the use of nuclear power for peaceful purposes alone.

We should make the best use of atomic energy for the benefit of all human beings.

Nuclear war

Radio-active-(of such metals as radium or uranium) having atoms that break up, and in so doing,sent out rays in the form of electrically charged particles capable of penetrating(going deep into) opaque(not allowing light to pass through)bodies and of producing electrical effects.

Radio-active dust-(for example,as carried by winds) from explosion of nuclear bombs,etc.

Fission-splitting or division(for example,of one cell into new cells,of the nucleus or central parts of certain atoms,for example,uranium when an atom bomb is exploded.)

The twenthieth century has witnessed the development and use of atomic or nuclear energy for destructive and powerful purposes on a vast scale.Now,when we afraid of atomic wars which can cause unthinkable destruction,we feel the satisfaction of enjoying comforts given by cheap electricity by nuclear reactors and ships run on atomic energy,and many more besides.

When the nucleus(central part) of the atom is broken up,tremendous energy is produced.Radioactive elements like uranium have a large number of protons, and they give out radiations(energy in rays,energy or heat waves). These elements are used for producing nuclear energy.The nuclei of these elements are bombarded with high-speed particles,and this results in nuclear fission(splitting or division). This conversion of a small amount of radioactive substance into a very great amount of nuclear energy is the basis of the explosion of an atomic bomb.

The horrors of the hydrogen bomb explosion are even more frightening.It is a thermonuclear bomb,"thermo" meaning "of heat". At its center is no doubt an atomic bomb,which is exploded at the start.This explosion activates the surrounding hydrogen radioactive atoms.An extremely hot zone is created in which nearly all of the matter present burns or changes into vapor or gas at extremely high pressure.The shock waves,then, traveling from the bomb cause destruction in the air,under water,or underground.

In addition to the atomic or nuclear radiations given out by the hydrogen bomb,its burning and melting effects are simply indescribable.Further developments of the hydrogen bomb lead us to the neutron and cobalt bombs based on the same radioactive principles.

No country can win a large-scale nuclear war with another nuclear power as both will get destroyed in the process.Besides,the countries affected by the radioactive fallout,even not participating(taking part) in the war will suffer unnecessary destruction.

Surely,it is in the interest of all humanity to end all nuclear preparations.We should destroy the stockpiles of nuclear weapons everywhere through mutual agreement(consent).

The internet and its uses

The Internet is a network(group of computers that can communicate with each other)connecting millions of other computer networks in the world.It is made up of networks of official and educational institutions,commercial and social organizations and governments and private agencies.The linking of computers is called "networking". The Internet,now,is "collection of individual networks connected by telephone lines."The user of a computer network can gain information from or exchange messages with any other network anywhere at all times.The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of millions of changing documents on computers all over the world.The different websites that run into millions offer information in the sciences,arts,religions,education,commerce,industry,agriculture,governments,law and almost every topic or subject under the sun.The use of the Internet,thus,promotes the communication of all sorts of information and knowledge in different societies and countries.

Further,e-mail or electronic mail is a system that enables people send and receive messages and data through networks and the Internet.It is a great facility,but the users also misuse it by providing wrong information in social and commercial contacts.The electronic mail messages can be misleading.

The Internet has provided the service of chatting to users online.Wonderfully,any number of talks can see each other on the screen as they talk.This has made conferences and meetings on computers possible between groups of businesspeople,military commanders,politicians and leaders,educators,engineers,scientists,and so on.Here,too,people often provide wrong information and misguide others.

Perhaps the best use of the Internet is being made in education for the extension of learning and knowledge.Experts and scholars in different countries and continents exchange information on the sciences and arts,technical and technological matters and all other subjects of their interest.The information available on the Internet can be downloaded to computers.

The Internet has surely brought countries and nations closer.Like the radio,TV and telephone it has functioned to help in the development of the world into a global village.However,it has been put to harmful uses as well.Firstly,the Internet has been used rather too much for commercial advertising.At times,misleading information by producers is provided in their efforts to promote the sale of their goods.Orders for these goods are placed with their makers and ready payments are made through credit cards.Later,the buyers come to know about the poor quality of the goods.Secondly,information,pictures and material harmful to character is displayed on the Internet.This has had bad effects on young minds.Thirdly,the chatting system on the Internet brings harmful people in contact with honest users.The honest,thus,are sometimes misled and cheated.Newspapers have reported wrong marriages between Internet users a result of chatting between them.

A marvellous invention -computer

A computer is an electronic device that solves problems by processing data according to instructions.

The electronic computer is rightly called wonder of the machine age.It can add,subtract,multiply and divide "with lightening speed and perfect accuracy".It can multiple several ten-digit numbers in 1/1000 second working 500000 times faster than a human being.

We give a program to a computer to work for us in any field-business,industry,construction,banking,medicine,teaching, and so on.

In business and industry,the computer prepares and keeps lists of goods,correspondence records and sales and profit and loss accounts.It can inform us of the production needs and the best production processes for a certain factory.It can compare several industrial processes of production and let us decide about the best ones.

A computer can solve all kinds of engineering problems of building,those of designing various building structures,finding the most accurate and effective material mixtures and safety measures for earthquake proof and sound-proof rooms.

In space or sea exploration,the computer is extremely useful.It collects information from outer space regarding distances,various heavenly bodies in movement,rays and beams in their effects,the earth's position and possibilities of man's travel into space.In the same way,information from the depths of the ocean is conveyed by sensitive computers regarding availability of oil,minerals,precious stones,sea and vegetable life, and rocks and sea beds.The operation of the railways and fast moving vehicles on the roads is controlled for safe and accurate travel through computers easily.

Computers have made possible the smooth working of the telecommunications systems,that is,the process of receiving or sending messages by telephone,radio,television,telegraph, or satellites.Millions of telephone lines over the country remain in operation through computerized telephone exchanges.Radio or wireless,TV or satellite communication is now extremely fast and complex.

In medicine,computers are being widely used to diagnose or determine diseases,to prescribe medicines and to perform various tests like blood and heart analysis.They help maintain records of patients to be made available at a moment's notice.

In education,computers started to be used in the 1960s.Instructional computers are used in two ways-to provide direct presentation of data or to act as a teacher to test the understanding and knowledge of the student.The computer can very systematically present in different ways, and with a wide variety of examples,the developments in a field of knowledge.

Computer typing is fast,accurate and beautiful,in several patterns and shapes.In it,moving rays of light from a laser lens are used.

In computer music,the composer programs the computer to produce different rhythms,tunes and tones from some sounds stored in it.These sounds are stored on magnetic tape and can be played back.The computer helps in expanding the range of tones and tunes.

With all this computer progress,we can say that computers cannot replace us.Our brain has more than 10 billion cells whereas a computer has only a hundred thousand parts.While we can think and imagine independently,a computer cannot.

The world of machines

Ours is rightly called the machine age as we are living in the world of machines.Everywhere and all the time we depend on machines.Most of the things of daily use like pencils,knives,watches,fans,shoes and cloth are the products of machines.We construct our houses,enjoy comfortable life at home and move around at ease with the help of machines.Machines are the result of man's effort to "produce more work with less energy".

Industrial progress depends on the use of new and more efficient machines that can produce more and better goods.The ruling industrial powers,that is,Japan,Italy,France,England,Russia,the US and the rest have made of use of modern technology to computerize(use computers in)the designing and production of machines in great demand like cars,TVs,refrigerators and various other electric instruments and devices,Our success as an industrial power will depend a great deal on the use of the latest electronic,laser and other technologies.The whole defense industry producing war planes,submarines and light and heavy arms needs an intelligent use of the latest technologies.

The mechanization of agriculture is essential to a big increase in the production of food grains.We have begun using,on a vast scale,the tractor,mower,thresher,tube-well engines and some other heavy machines.No doubt,the use of machinery on farms makes farm labor surplus.This surplus labor can,however,be utilized in small-scale cottage industries in the villages.

The engines used in our cars,buses,railway engines.airplanes and ships change energy into power.We are developing more efficient engines now help us to move at hundreds of kilometers per hour on the ground and to fly at supersonic speeds.Machines for our vehicles using nuclear energy in place of oil or gas might bring about a revolution in transportation.

Different kinds of machines have made our life at home highly comfortable.There are are the gas and electric stove,the cooking-range,the juicer,the electric iron,the cooler and air-conditioner,the radio,TV,VCR(videocassette recorder),CD player,DVD player (digital video disc),and so on that have made life really enjoyable.

We have developed machines like the robot that "move and do some of the work of a man". The robot is set to fix parts of machines under production,to operate and control production processes,to do odd jobs like cleaning the floors,etc.The computer can be programed to plan and design buildings and cars,to calculate construction and operation costs,to further design better computers,and so on.However,with all the work performed by machines ,they cannot entirely replace man.

The sun as a source of energy

Solar energy(energy got from the sun) is a very useful form of energy like atomic and wind energy.The problems of rising costs of fuels like oil and gas and the pollution(dirtiness of the atmosphere) caused by them have made scientists work on solar energy for man's future use.About half of the solar energy is light,about half is infrared radiation(heat,energy,etc. in rays) and very little ultraviolet radiation.

In modern times, the first main use of solar energy is to change it into thermal energy(of heat as that of coal or gas). Solar rays hit a flat plate collector which absorbs a lot of heat.This flat plate collector is then used for water heating,house heating,air-conditioning and for getting salt from salt water and pure drinking water from sea water.Solar water-heaters are in use in Australia,Japan and America.In air-conditioning the flat plate collector supplies heat to operate an air-conditioner.In solar evaporation,saltish water is made to evaporate from ponds,and thus salt is got.In solar distillation,pure water vapor is collected in storage tanks.

Secondly,scientists are trying to convert(change)solar energy to electrical energy through solar cells.A solar cell is an invention that directly changes solar radiation to electric energy.Spaceships get their electric power through solar cells.Further,they are being used to provide power to radios,telephones, and other wireless equipment.Lighthouses at sea get their power supplies from them.At present,the cost of producing electricity from solar cells is very high.

Thirdly,heat engines are being used to convert solar energy to mechanical energy.This mechanical energy is used directly or again converted to electric energy for operating machines.Heat collectors are used to heat fluids whose steam passes through engines where it is converted to mechanical energy.

Fourthly,we can use the solar energy or heat stored in the sea.Most of the solar energy that comes to the world is taken by the sea.The water at the surface of the sea is warmer than at the depth.Heat flows from the area of higher temperature to that of a lower one.So if we make this heat of the warm water flow through a heat engine,the heat energy can be converted to mechanical or electric energy.Power plants can thus use thermal energy especially is warm waters.

Fifthly, in Japan and some other countries small plants grow in the sea by absorbing sunlight.These plants are dried and then used as food.

There have been attempts to make solar cars in Europe and elsewhere.These cars run on electric energy instead of oil.The car batteries charged with solar energy provide the electric energy.However,at present the batteries are too heavy and are charged over long hours.

Solar energy may be the answer to many of our energy problems.

The sciences and the arts(the humanities)

Science is an organized body of knowledge concerning the physical world,both inanimate and animate.It is,in fact, a large collection of facts arranged in the form of rules or laws.Scientists use exact methods to observe and study facts and natural phenomena,and do experiments to form laws of science.The sciences are branches of such knowledge and these are the natural sciences like biology and geology and the physical sciences like physics and chemistry.

Art means a creation or expression of something beautiful in a visual form like painting and sculpture.It also means skill in such creation.The arts are subjects of study,for example,languages,literature,history,political science,etc.in which imaginative and creative skills "are more important than the exact measurement and calculation in science".These are also called the humanities or subjects of study concerned with human culture.

In fact,both the sciences and the arts are required for a full understanding and development of life,"a fulsome growth of life,""a blossoming of human civilization,""a rise in standards of living and enrichment of cultural values."Science helps us to have better doctors and medicines,engineers and buildings and bridges,physicists and nuclear energy,chemists and modern medicines and comforts and luxuries of all kinds and shapes.All our computer work,air journeys,fast road travel,space and interplanetary communication,and so on depend on scientific knowledge,research and advancement.The life that we live is charming and livable because of science.

All our ideas about human rights,democracy,economic development, and cultural advancement depend on our studies and research in the arts.The greatest paintings like those of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo,the most inspiring music likes that of Mozart and Wagner,the most appealing ideas on politics and society like those of Ibn-e-Khaldun,Locke and Rousseau,and all the growth of world literature depend on the arts and humanities.Ideas and Ideals we get in the arts,"the music and the charms of all existence."

The importance of scientific education

Ours is a scientific world.We have made use of scientific principles in almost every field of life of our practical life.We have made life easy and comfortably by developing machines and instruments that provide us the maximum comfort in the home and outside.At the same time,we have created possibilities of destroying ourselves and our civilization by developing complex weapons of wars.For all the positive and negative uses of science that we have to make,we need scientific knowledge of the highest order.

Firstly,we need scientific education that can promote our industrial development in the best possible ways.Scientific education,in this sense,should be given in two levels-for the smooth running and maintenance of the machines used in our factories and for the designing and production of new and more effective machines.

Secondly,we need to learn the latest methods of agricultural production.For this,we should have theoretical and practical knowledge of different methods of growing crops,of protecting the crops and plants from insects and diseases and of various ways of mechanical farming.We have special institutions like the Faislabad Agriculture University where students research on ways of improving food production and developing new varieties of food grains and fruits.

Thirdly,scientific knowledge is essential to the maintenance of communication-railway,air and sea transport,radio,television and telephone.We need people having specialized knowledge and training to maintain the whole system of communications.

Fourthly,scientific knowledge is needed to maintain private and public health.Continuous study and research in the advanced countries have resulted in the development of highly effective drugs and medicines that can cure most of our diseases.We,too,should have medical education of the highest order.

Scientific knowledge is needed even to maintain health and condition of the animals and birds under our care.We should be in touch with the latest research in medical science to keep our farm animals and birds in good health.

Fifthly,scientific knowledge is essential to the preparations of weapons of war.To defend ourselves and to remain prepared against foreign attacks we need to have modern technology.In this connection,we have made the best use of modern scientific knowledge for becoming a nuclear power.

In fact,the whole structure of our civilization rests on scientific knowledge.We should offer scientific education of the highest order and on modern lines in our schools,colleges and universities.

Common sense and nuclear warfare

I have read a good many books of general interest.Of all these I like Bertrand Russell's "Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare"most.This book is of a small size,but contains deep thoughts.It provides useful information on the different problems and dangers of a great war.

Russell says that our world is faced with the danger of a great nuclear war.If a nuclear war takes place,atomic,hydrogen and other bombs and nuclear weapons will be used by the big powers.Nearly all the countries will be affected by this war.Most of them may get destroyed.

Russell rightly says that rulers or governments of powerful countries are making greater and greater preparations for a big war.They are spending huge amounts of money on producing nuclear weapons.Countries like America and Russia are preparing increasingly destructive weapons.It is possible that satellites sent into space by scientists may be armed with nuclear weapons.Even the moon can be used by the US or Russia for purposes of nuclear attacks on other countries.

Nations should stop having doubts about each other.Countries should stop trying to dominate others through war.

The most important part of Russell's book is about disarmament.He rightly says that all kinds of nuclear weapons should be prohibited.All the existing stocks of nuclear weapons should be destroyed.Their scientific centers or arms factories that can produce nuclear weapons should be open to inspection.

Russell wants the United Nations Organization to become truly powerful.It should be in a position to stop one nation from starting a war against another.There should be an International Authority having its strong armed forces.

Russell has written his book in a simple and interesting style.He explains his ideas well.We feel after reading the book that war is really extremely harmful and destructive.Russell has not discussed defensive wars,which may some time be proper.However,when all countries agree not to fight,even defensive wars will not be necessary.

Russell's book's,of course,worth reading.It teaches good lessons to the entire world.Let rulers and politicians act upon these for the good of their countries and mankind.

Horrors of war

War is an armed conflict between to or more states.When such conflicts assume global proportions,they are known as world wars.War between different parts or factions of the same nation is called civil war.

After analyzing the whole industry of war.It can plainly be said that war had always been full of horrors.It ever resulted in death,devastation, and disease.Even then when warriors used to fight face to face,the destruction of war was dreadful.People were slaughtered or wounded.The after effects of war were even more horrible.

The world of today is the world of science and technology.Man has invented and discovered astonishing instruments and tools to make life comfortable and secure.But,paradoxically,he has also invented most deadly weapons for his total extinction.Now many countries of the world possess nuclear warheads,germ warfare, and chemical bomb.

The world has become a global village.Now the various countries are linked together economically,socially and politically.If a war breaks out,the other countries cannot be neutral.They will have to intervene for their own benefits.If this happens,any war would be a world war.

War is,in fact,man's massacre on a massive scale.Death falls from firmament or erupts from earth.It spares no one.The innocents expire,the soldiers suffer, and the population perishes.Starvation and fatality are the ultimate upshot of war.War leads to tears and fears.

War brings about irreparable devastation of material assets.Property is wrecked.Buildings are ruined.Skyscrapers plazas,huge factories,roads,hospitals,houses,garden,crops,railways,runways,markets,art galleries all are changed into debris.

War is also the worst foe of culture and civilization.Cultural assets,splendid paintings,matchless manuscripts,unique historical heritage and priceless antiques,all are demolished.War extinguishes beauty,smothers morality and razes reason.Man behaves like animals.The paragon of beauty,the crown of the universe is burnt into ashes.

War is human folly.Let the world think about it.They must take solid and sincere steps to stop war.No problem can be solved by war.Let the world come to the table of negotiation for the settlement of their disputes.The UNO must realize its duty and be earnest in its efforts to resolve the disputes among different nations.

Mobile/cellular phones

Mobile phone is also called 'cell phone'. It is a transmitter and a receiver combined in one unit.It works like a portable or cordless telephone.Cell phones have become very popular with the masses in this era.

The number of cell phone users is increasing each year.In the beginning,the prices of mobile phones were fairly high.Only a small group of big businesspersons could enjoy mobile phone services.Then eventually,the providers reduced the prices of cell phones and network access.Thus,cell phone services achieved a great commercial success.

The mobile phones have revolutionized life.They have proved to be very useful and beneficial.They ensure quick communication.They are performing wonders in the field of business,culture,trade and commerce.They have sped up productivity.People can contact each other whenever they want and wherever they are.

The mobile phones have improved safety of people.Earlier people could contact police and other security officials only on wire-based phones.But if the wire was disconnected,the communication could be prevented.And such kind of disconnection in telecommunication could result into serious damage.But now no such obstacle could hamper the quick communication between the public and security-officials.Now people feel safe at home,on the road or in deserts.

The mobile phones have made life easy and pleasant.People call in the doctors or technicians on will.They have not to go out in search of these persons.Sitting at home.they get their things repaired,meals served and things done.This also saves their time and thus makes life comfortable.

Though the advantages of mobile phones are many,their faults are not few in numbers.

Mobile phones are an obvious cause of time-wastage.Usually people are seen busy with playing games,listening music,using internet,sending messages and chatting for hours on cell phones.Mobile phones have affected adversely our youth.The young students instead of paying heed to their students fall victim to the charms of mobile phones and waste their time in useless activities.

The most fatal effect of cell phones on our youth is that they are being derailed from the virtuous path of life.They are falling prey to moral corruption.For whom are the free mobile-services-packages after mid-night.Are they meant for businessmen,traders or doctors?. No,everyone is asleep at this hour of night except the devil disciplines.Moral decline illicit love and the revolt from our cultural traditions are the only outcome of all such mobile-services-packages.

Mobile cells have become a definite cause of lawlessness.Unregistered mobile connections have given rise to criminal activities in society.At least 50% of crimes would come to a close if only the unregistered mobile connections are cut off.Seneca,a Roman philosopher says:'He who does not prevent a crime when he can,encourages it"

Mobile phones are also a cause of noise pollution.The loud ring tones disturb the public.The mobile calls divert the attention of doers from their real focus.None could do his job with full heed if the mobile phone is not switched off.The government should force the public to keep their mobiles on silent profile to prevent noise pollution.

Mobile phones have caused an undue burden on the economy of the country.A huge portion of foreign exchange is being spent on the import of mobile phones.This affects the productivity and usefulness of foreign exchange.

All the above discussion reveals the fact that mobile phones are a boon only for those who are in real need of them i.e. businessmen,doctors,traders etc.But they are a curse for the poor people and especially the young students.

Miracles of science

WHAT IS SCIENCE

Science is an objective of nature and its laws.It is an unending search of nature and its laws.It is an unending search for truth.It is the most useful quest of man.It has proved to be a faithful friend of mankind.It urges man to discover new secrets of the universe.It is an unending search of human struggle.

ISLAM AND SCIENCE

Islam and science addresses the relationship between the religion of Islam.From Islamic point of view science is the study of nature as stemming from Tawhid,the Islamic conception of the oneness of Allah.In Islam nature is not seen as something separate but as an integral part of holistic outlook on God,humanity the world.

WHEEL

A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing.The axle is one of main components of the wheel.Wheel with axle allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load,or performing labor in machines.Wheels are also used for other purposes.

RADIO

Radio is one of the greatest invention of modern age.It is the result of a successful use of electrical energy.In it, wireless waves carry sound and speech from the broadcasting station to radio sets.It has made possible for the people of one place to listen to radio stations of the entire world.It has helped different countries and peoples in coming closer.

TELEVISION

Television is now in common use.In it picture along with sound are sent from one place to another through wireless or radio waves.Now color television is very much in use.We can watch Islamic show on television in which the great ulmah karam are invited.People can ask questions from them.Ulmah give the solution of their problems according to the Quran and Sunnah

COMPUTER

As we know, computer is an electronic machine that can do complex mathematical calculations in a fraction of a second.It can also gather and store information.It guides us in the designing and construction of building.It also helps us in the treatment of diseases.

WIRELESS

Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.The most wireless technology use radio with radio waves distances can be shorted such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometer for deep space radio communication.It encompasses various type of fixed,mobile,portable applications.

INTERNET

Internet is another great invention of science.It is network connecting millions of other computer network in the world.The linking of computer is called "networking". Internet has provided the service of chatting to users online.A number of people can talk and see each other on the computer screen,now even on smart phones. people can share large amount of information with each other through internet.

MEDICINE

Science has performed wonders in the field of medicine.Now even the fatal diseases have been controlled.Wonderful drugs cure man from diseases.The most important of all is that it has given man a scientific outlook.The science has reached its highest point in the field of surgery also.

SUBMARINE

Submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.It differ from submersible,which has more limited underwater capability.The term most commonly refers to a large,crowed autonomous vessel.Submarine means under the sea.Submarine can also be modified to perform specialized function such as search and rescue missions or under sea cable repair.

ROBOT

It is an automatic mechanical device often resembling a human or animal.Modern robots are usually an electro-mechanical machine guided by a computer program or electronic circuitry.There are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society.Robots are blamed for rising unemployment as they replace workers in increasing number of function.The use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns.

PAKISTAN ATOMIC POWER

Dr.Abdul Qadeer Khan and his companion exploded six atomic bombs in Balochistan to become the world seventh nuclear power after US,UK,France and India.India was already a nuclear power after its first nuclear explosion in 1974.India started a series of threats and warnings that the India leaders hurled or directed towards Pakistan.Pakistan was not prepared to accept Indian dictation and domination.Therefore Pakistan himself declared as nuclear power with the help of science.

Computer

Mechanical computing devices date from 17th century.Indeed Charles Babbage is credited with the invention of computer.He named it "Analytical Engine". The first digital computer appeared in USA in the 1940s.Since then generations have worked to reduce the size and increase the speed of computer.Now it has proved to be the most amazing invention of the 20th century.Computers can handle data with wonderful accuracy.Computer can read information and store this information for later use.Mother board,Processor,RAM,Monitor,Key Board,Mouse,CD Rom and Floppy Derive are the main components of a computer.

The benefits of computer are many.The notable features of computer are speed and accuracy.Life has become speedy and quick in this modern age.Thus, the importance of computer has been recognized in all fields of life.In industry,it keeps the record of goods,cost and output.It also provides a great deal of help in engineering.It designs buildings of all kinds,gives information about the best materials to be used,suggest ideal measures for its safety and gives accurate expenditures of its construction.In medicine,it assists to perform various tests,diagnoses diseases and prescribes medicine.In space,sea and earth explorations ,it has performed wonders.It collects information of various heavenly bodies,their properties and atmospheric conditions.It tells us about the treasures hidden under the earth and in the depth of the sea.We control satellite,rockets,missiles and spaceships by computer.It is the best type writer,with wondrous fonts and beautiful results.It also provides recreation of all sorts.It plays with us,amuses us with music and fun.In the field of education it has performed wonders.It can collect information for us from the most remote parts of the world.It is through computer that this world has become a global village.

Though the disadvantages of computers are equal to naught as compared with its users;nevertheless,there are a few physical and social problems associated with it.As far as physical harms of computer are concerned,it causes stress and tension to the person who has to sit before it hours and hours together.Sometime it weakens eye sight.It may cause a few social evils.On internet,our youth watch obscene movies and immoral pictures.

After analyzing computer from both the angles,it is easy to conclude that its uses are greater than its abuses.However,the evils of computers can be reduced to some extent by devising a code of ethics and awakening the sense of duty in our youth.Its physical evils can be controlled by certain exercises.To conclude,it may be said that the present age is the age of computer.If we want to keep pace with the rest of the world,we will have to take adequate measures for the uplift of computer technology.

Horrors of science

It is generally believed that science is a mixed blessing.It has various uses and abuses.Though the advantages of science are far greater than its disadvantages,it has caused a fatal threat to human life,the atomic war.Destructive weapons are the result of science.Though the world is trying to solve the disputed issues through peaceful talks,the world is standing on the edge of total destruction.The most deadly weapons of science are the atomic weapons.As almost all the countries are linked socially,economically or religiously,any war may be a world war.It is science which is to be blamed for the creation of germ warfare and chemical bombs,missiles and bombers.

Science has invented many machines and tools for man.Though these machines have replaced man in many fields of life.The plus point for these machines is that they are more accurate and quick in their performance than man.But they have made the services of man slow and therefore unnecessary .Man has become unemployed.Unemployment is the sure cause of many social and economical evils.Thus the process of fall of human society starts.

The next negative effect of the use of machines is that man has become lazy and idle.He needs not travel on foot.He can cover long distances in a short time by fast moving cars,buses,trains and airplanes.At home,there is no need of broom;the vacuum cleaners are there to suck the least dust from every corner.Washing machines wash the soiled clothes in minutes.There are computers for his service.There are TV,DVD and digital receiver for his entertainment.All kinds of facilities have made man idle and lazy.

Today one of the grave problems is pollution.Ir ,water,and eatables,all are polluted.Science is somewhat responsible for this pollution.Big factories,heavy vehicles,trains and many other things of this sort are adding smoke,poisonous wastage,dust and other harmful particles to air,water and soil.The polluted things have caused many untreatable diseases.In spite of the modern medical research,many people die of these diseases.Science is responsible for all this.

Science has made man spiritually dead.He has forgotten the moral and spiritual values of the past.Science is responsible for the race of money.Everyone is busy in earning for spending.We have no time to meditate on nature.We are leading an artificial life.We are no more interested in the sights of nature.

Science has made man selfish and insincere.He needs money to enjoy the new inventions of science.To earn money,he ignores the moral values.Even,sometimes,he commits hateful crimes for the fulfillment of his evil prevail in society.Thus science indirectly is the cause of spread of these evils in society.

Truly speaking,we may blame science for many evils in society but in fact it is man not science who uses it for his evil purposes.Science is a blessing;the need is that we should use it positively.Science has neither forced us to produce lethal weapons,nor compelled us to be selfish.If we have used it for evil purposes,it is our fault not of science.

Science in the Service of Man

Science is an objective study of nature and its laws.It is an unending search for truth.It is the most useful quest of man.It has proved to be a faithful friend of mankind.Its great services in the fields of agriculture,industry,medicine, and traveling are amazing.It has increased human comfort with its vast range of inventions.It urges man to discover new secrets of the universe.It is an unending source of human struggle.

Life is a constant struggle.Man has to toil throughout his life to meet the needs of life.He has to face the odds and dangers of life.It is science that has helped man to make a safe home for him.Now the service of science is even more wonderful than the wonders of magic.Now there is no need to live in the caves or the underground holes.Man has built high and magnificent buildings.The houses are full of the facilities provided by science.Science has made human life very comfortable and safe.

In the past man had to travel on foot.Now traveling has become a pleasure for him.He can travel through the world for pleasure's sake only.It is no more difficult and dangerous.Man has got the better of birds in their flight.Man has invented more speedy airplanes than sound by which he can cover long distances in a short time.Trains,buses,cars and taxies all are available to convey us anywhere across the country.Man is no more sad to say good bye to his near ones.He can contact them in seconds on telephone,internet and by other means of communication.All this is possible because of science.

Science has provided us with many means of information,entertainment,amusement and fun.TV,Radio,Dish Antenna,Cinema,DVD, and Computer all are the sure means of entertainment.Computer has changed the world into a global village.Man can participate in any activity around the world.The attainment of knowledge is now easier than ever before.

Science has performed wonders in the field of medicine.Now even the fatal diseases have been controlled.Wonderful drugs cure man of his diseases.The most important of all is that it has given man a scientific outlook.Man has become rational in his approach .Science has reached its highest point in the field of surgery also.

In short,science is such a great blessing as has proved useful in every field of life.It is because of science that this era has been declared as an age of light and knowledge.It has broadened our outlook and views.Now we think in a broader sense.

Earthquake

Earthquake is a sudden violent movement of the earth’s surface.It occurs when a lot of energy, stored within earth,is released.This energy is transmitted to the surface of the earth by earthquake waves.The study of earthquakes is called seismology.The scientists who study earthquakes are called seismologists.Seismographs are the machines that record the earthquakes. The point within the earth where an earthquake originates is called the focus.The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus is called epicenter. The theory is that the earth’s crust is made of tectonic plates.The points where these meet are called the faults.Faults are basically cracks between these plates on the earth surface or within the earth.The surface between the two sides of a fault lies in a plain.Sometime, the fault plain dips into the ground.The rock hanging over the dipping fault plain slips downward into the ground.It is called a normal fault.When the hanging wall slips upward,it is called reverse fault.Both these faults produce vertical displacements.Sometime the tectonic plates slide horizontally in the fault plain.Such a slip in the fault plain produces horizontal displacements.The faults where such a movement takes place are called strike-slip faults. The sudden movement of rocks along a fault causes vibrations.These vibrations transmit energy through the earth in the form of waves.These waves are called seismic waves.They are classified into four types.They are p(primary) wave,s (secondary) waves,love waves and rayleigh waves.P and s waves are produced within the earth.The other two waves are produced along the surface of the earth. The p wave travels at the highest speed.It can be transmitted by both solid and liquid materials.

With a p wave the transmitting rocks are alternately compressed and expanded. The s wave travels only through solid material within the earth.The s waves are known as shearing waves.They move the ground back and forth. Love and rayleigh waves travel from the epicenter along the surface of the earth.These waves also cause damage to structures,as they shake the ground underneath the foundations of buildings and other structures. Earthquake result in landslides and other soil movement.These events cause an enormous loss of property and life.Secondary damage of the earthquakes includes economic loss, diseases , lack of food and dearth of clean water. Seismologists try to predict earthquakes.This prediction may include a specific time,place and size of the expected earthquake.In this regard, the scientists take help from the previous record of earthquakes.This helps them to determine the expected repitation of earthquakes.In spite of all this, the prediction of earthquake should always be taken to be uncertain.The occurrence should always be regarded as a chance event. The sudden movements of rocks along a fault causes vibrations.These vibrations transmit energy through the earth in the form of waves.These waves are called seismic waves. The theory is that the earth crust is made of tectonic plates.These plates are lying side by side.The points where these plates meet are called faults.Faults are basically cracks between these plates on the earth surface or within the earth.The surface between two sides of a fault lies in a plain.Sometimes,the fault plain dips into the ground.The rock hanging over the dipping fault plain slips downward into the ground.It is called a normal fault.When the hanging wall slips upward,it is called a reverse fault.Both these faults produce vertical displacements.Sometimes the tectonic plates slide horizontally in the fault plain.Such a slip in the fault plain produces horizontal displacements.The faults where such a movement takes place are called strike-slip faults.

Students and Politics

Politics is an art of conducting political affairs.It deals with the administration of the state.It should not be practiced in colleges because the main purpose of colleges is to provide education.They should promote students' insight and skills.They are not meant to make students politicians.

Opinions differ as to whether students should take part in politics or not.There are obviously arguments both for and against student politics.There is no denying the fact that the main duty of a student is to acquire knowledge. In my opinion,students should not rush into politics.They will get plenty of time to do politics after completing their studies.

It is debatable whether students should take part in politics.Some people favor the idea strongly while the other reject altogether.Those who approve of the idea say that students constitute the most important portion of population.They are futures of the nation.They are the people who would run the administration of the country.Therefore,it is necessary for them to take part in politics.In student life so that they might learn the art of politics.They might be successful politicians in future.Student life should be their first training of politics.Why should they not participate in politics in student life if they are to take part in politics in practical life?. So, it is in the interest of the nation that the students should go into politics.

If we cast a curasy glance at history,we will come to know that great politicians are not born in a day.Ages are required to make people successful politicians.Approximately all the great leaders of the world had been successful politicians in their student life.For example the students of subcontinent played an important role in creating Pakistan.They worked side by side with political leaders to win freedom.Let us look at the other side of the picture.There are several people who oppose the idea of students' taking part in politics.They claim that the first and the foremost duty of the students is to get education.Their interest in politics may divert their attention from the real target.By indulging in politics, they may waste their time.Therefore, they should avoid politics activities altogether.These two views are the poles apart.Both seem to be weighty and vital.But we may resolve the riddle by seeking a third well balanced option.In normal circumstances, the only occupation of the student should be to aquire education.But when their participation in politics is needed for the welfare of nation,they should join their hands in the struggle.After the strife, they may be asked to return to their institutions.But the students should be very cautious about such activities.They should not become puppets in the hands of time server politicians.

To conclude the discussion, it may be said that in peaceful circumstances ,the students should not involve in politics.They should concentrate only to their education.